E-mark Is Also The European Common Market. For Motorcycles And Their Safety Parts, Noise And Exhaust Gases, They Must Comply With The Requirements Of The European Commission (eec Directives) And The European Economic Commission (ece Regulation). A Certificate Of Conformity Is Granted To Ensure The Safety Of The Vehicle And The Requirements For Environmental Protection. E-mark Is Assigned A Different Number Depending On The Country Of Certification.
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Since October 2002, According To The Requirements Of Eu Directive 72/245/eec And Amendment Directive 95/54/ec, All Automotive Electronic Products That Enter The Eu Market For Sale Must Pass E-mark Related Test Certification, Labeling. The E Mark Will Be Released By The Customs Of The Eu Countries And Allowed To Enter The Local Market.
About The E Mark
The E Mark Is Derived From The Regulations Issued By The Economic Commission Of Europe (ece). Ece Includes 48 Countries In Europe. In Addition To Eu Member States, It Also Includes Non-european Countries Such As Eastern Europe And Southern Europe. The Ece Regulations Are Recommended For All Members, Not Mandatory Standards, And Member States Can Apply Ece Regulations Or Extend Their National Regulations. From The Perspective Of Market Demand, Ece Members Are Usually Willing To Receive Test Reports And Certificates That Comply With Ece Regulations.
The Issuing Authority Of The E-mark Certificate Is The Government Department Of The Ece Member Countries, And The Certificates Of Each Country Have Corresponding Numbers:
E1-Germany
E16-Norway
E32-Latvia
E46-Ukraine
E2-France
E17-Finland
E33-
E47-South Africa
E3-Italy
E18-Denmark
E34-Bulgaria
E48-new Zealand
E4-Netherlands
E19-Romania
E35-
E49-Cyprus
E5-Sweden
E20-Poland
E36-Lithuania
E50-Malta
E6-Belgium
E21-Portugal
E37-Turkey
E51-Korea
E7-Hungary
E22-Russia
E38-
E52-Malaysia
E8-Czech Republic
E23-Greece
E39-Azerbaijan
E53-Thailand
E9-Spain
E25-Croatia
E40-Macedonia
E54-
E10-Yugoslavia
E26-Slovenia
E41-
E55-
E11-United Kingdom
E27-Slovakia
E42-European Community
E56-Montenegro
E12-Austria
E28-Belarus
E43-Japan
E56-Tunisia
E13-Luxembourg
E29-Estonia
E44-
E14-Switzerland
E31-Bosnia
E45-Australia
The E Mark Is A Certification Mark For Motor Vehicles, Safety Parts And Systems Used By The European Commission In Accordance With Eu Directives. The Test Organization Must Be A Technical Service Organization Within The Member States Of The European Union. The Issuance Authority Is The Government Transportation Department Of The Member States Of The European Union. Products That Have Obtained The E-mark Certification Will Be Recognized By All Eu Member States.
China is developing into a center for pharmaceutical development in Asia, and many multinational companies are competing to build pharmaceutical development centers or production bases in China. According to the market research of the New Drug Development Center of the United States, in the past 20 years, the cost for new drug development has increased five-fold. In 2003, for example, the investment cost for each new drug development reached an average of 897 million U.S. dollars. The cost in China is only about one-tenth that of the developed countries. Combined with the tens of billions of dollars in the pharmaceutical market, this is a huge attraction for multinational companies investing in R&D in China. Due to the low cost of new drug trials and labor in China, R&D of new drugs in China can save a lot of money compared with research and development in developed countries. If a doctoral researcher is recruited in China to develop new drugs, the average monthly salary is about 25,000 US dollars, which is still less than 1/10 of that in developed countries. Swiss Roche recently invested heavily in the suburbs of Shanghai to set up an R&D center to recruit more than 40 research and development personnel with high degrees in China. A pharmaceutical company in the United States is investing 175 million U.S. dollars to build Asia regional headquarters in Shanghai and plans to establish a research and development center. Another Swiss company is currently looking for a partner in China to build a pharmaceutical development and production base in China. The new drugs developed by these companies in China will entrust US-based pharmaceutical appraisers in Shanghai and Germany to conduct drug efficacy appraisal. With the improvement of people’s living standards and the expansion of the elderly population, the demand for the pharmaceutical market is huge. It is expected that the sales volume in 2005 will reach more than 270 billion US dollars, which is equivalent to twice the amount of five years ago. China is a traditional production base of traditional Chinese medicines. There are more than 12,800 kinds of Chinese medicines produced. In the development of new medicines combined with western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, China has made some breakthroughs, which is a rare industrial advantage. Large multinational pharmaceutical companies want to take advantage of China’s advantages in the integration of Chinese and Western medicine to capture the Chinese and international markets. In addition, the purchase of large multinational pharmaceutical companies in the world is increasing, and R&D operations are also conducted abroad. According to statistics, U.S. pharmaceutical companies invested more than 30 billion U.S. dollars in R&D in 2001, of which 20% to 25% were conducted abroad. The pharmaceutical procurement and R&D operations of major pharmaceutical companies in China have increased significantly in recent years. In the future, their business volume in China will be further expanded to reduce overall costs and increase pharmaceutical competitiveness. This has, to a certain extent, strengthened the trend of rushing to China.