The production process of a product refers to the whole process of converting raw materials into finished products. The production process of mechanical products generally includes: 1 . Production and technical preparations such as the design and manufacture of process design and specialized process equipment, preparation of production plans, preparation of production data, etc.; 2 . Blanks such as casting, forging, stamping, etc. 3 . Parts machining, cutting, heat treatment, surface treatment, etc. 4 . Assembly of products such as assembly, assembly, commissioning, inspection and painting; 5. Production services such as the supply, transportation and storage of raw materials, purchased parts and tools; The process of changing the shape, size, relative position, and properties of a production object during production to make it a finished or semi-finished product is called a process. For example, the manufacturing of blanks, mechanical processing, heat treatment, and assembly are all technological processes. In the process, if the machining process is used to directly change the shape, size, and surface quality of a production object to make it a qualified part, it is called a machining process. Similarly, a process of assembling a machined part into a machine to achieve the required assembly accuracy and obtaining a predetermined technical performance is called an assembly process. The mechanical processing process and assembly process are the two main contents of the mechanical manufacturing technology research. Second, the composition of the mechanical processing process The machining process consists of one or several sequential processes, which can be divided into several installations, stations, steps, and passes. (I) Process An operation refers to the part of a worker or a team of workers who works on a single job or simultaneously on several parts at the same time. The main basis for distinguishing processes is whether the work place (or equipment) is changed and the part of the process that is completed is continuous. For the disc parts shown in Figure 3-1, the processing process for single-piece small batch production is shown in Table 3-1; for the batch production, the processing process is shown in Table 3-2. Table 3-1 Small Batch Single-piece Machining Process employee ID Process name Tooling Step Process content equipment 1 Turning I 1 2 3 4 Large end face Large outer circle to Φ 100 Drill Φ 20 holes Chamfer lathe II 5 6 7 Small end face, guaranteed size 35mm Outer circle of the car to Φ 48, guaranteed size 20mm Chamfer 2 Drilling I 1 2 Three Φ 8 holes are processed in sequence Repair sharp edges and burrs in the fixture Drilling machine Table 3-2 Batch Mechanical Processing Process for Disc Parts employee ID Process name Tooling Step Process content equipment 1 Turning I 1 2 3 4 Large end face Large outer circle to Φ 100 Drill Φ 20 holes Chamfer lathe 2 Turning I 1 2 3 Small end face, guaranteed size 35mm Outer circle of the car to Φ 48, guaranteed size 20mm Chamfer lathe 3 Drilling I 1 Drilling 3 - Φ 8 Drilling machine 4 clamp I 1 As can be seen from Table 3-1, the machining of the part is divided into two processes, turning and drilling. Because both the operator, machine tool and processing continuity have changed. In the turning process, although there are a plurality of machined surfaces and a plurality of processing methods (such as a car, a drill, etc.), the elements of the division process are not changed, so they are the same process. Table 3-2 is divided into four processes. Although process 1 and process 2 are both turning, because the processing continuity has changed, so it should be two processes; the same process 4 repair sharp edges and burrs, because the equipment and work place have changed, so it should be As another process. The process is not only the basic unit that makes up the technological process, but also the basic unit that sets the time quota, equips the worker, arranges the work and carries on the quality inspection. (b) Steps and passes In order to facilitate the analysis and description of the contents of the process, the process can be further divided into steps. A process step refers to a part of a process that is continuously completed when the machined surface (or the connecting surface at the time of assembly) and the processing (or assembly) tool do not change. A process can include several steps or only one step. As shown in Table 3-1 in step 1. In the installation I, the machining of the large end face, outer circle, drill φ 20 holes, chamfering, etc. is performed, which constitutes four steps due to the difference in the machining surface and the use of the tool. In general, any element (process surface, tool, and process continuity) that constitutes a step is changed to another step. However, the situation noted below should be regarded as one step: 　　 1 . For those same steps that are performed continuously in a single fixture, one step should be considered. Three φ 8 holes are drilled on the part shown in Figure 3-1. Can be used as a step. That is to drill 3-φ 8. 2 . In order to increase productivity, several tools are sometimes used to process several surfaces at the same time. This time, it should also be regarded as a step, called a compound step. Figure 3-2 processing plan. In a working step, if the metal layer cut off by the machined surface is very thick and needs to be divided into several cuts, then each cut is a pass. A work step can include one pass or several passes. (III) Installation and Station Before processing, the workpiece occupies a correct position (positioning) on ​​the machine or fixture, and then the clamping process is called clamping. The part of the process that is completed after the workpiece (or assembly unit) is clamped once is called installation. There can be one or more installations in one operation. In Table 3-1, there are two installations for operation 1 and one installation for operation 2. Workpieces should be reduced in the number of mountings as much as possible, because more than one set-up will cause one set-up error and increase the auxiliary time. Therefore, various types of rotary table, rotary jigs, or moving jigs are commonly used in production so that the workpieces can be processed in different positions after the workpiece is clamped once. In order to complete a certain process content, after the workpiece is clamped at a time, each position occupied by the workpiece (or assembly unit) together with the movable part of the jig or device relative to the fixed part of the tool or device is called a station. Figure 3-3 shows an example of a four-position machining of a workpiece, drilling, reaming, and reaming in sequence using a rotary table after one clamping. Third, the workpiece clamping (A) Overview of Work Clamping As mentioned above, the workpiece needs to be positioned and clamped before machining. This is two very important tasks. Positioning is discussed in detail in the following sections. This section gives an overview of the clamping of the workpiece on the machine or in the fixture. The purpose of clamping is to prevent the workpiece from being displaced or vibrated under the action of cutting force, gravity, inertial forces, etc., so as not to damage the positioning of the workpiece. Therefore, the correct design of the clamping mechanism should meet the following basic requirements: 1 . Clamping should not destroy the correct positioning of the workpiece; 2 . The clamping device should have sufficient rigidity; 3 . The workpiece surface should not be damaged during clamping, and the workpiece should not be deformed beyond the allowable range. 4 . Can use the smaller clamping force to obtain the desired clamping effect; 5. With good processability, the structure should be simple and easy to manufacture, maintain and operate under the premise of ensuring productivity. 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First, the production process and process